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Victor Duruy
Jean Victor Duruy (11 September 1811 – 25 November 1894) was a French historian and statesman.
==Biography==
Duruy was born in Paris, the son of a factory worker, and at first intended for his father's trade. Having passed brilliantly through the ''École Normale Supérieure'', where he studied under Jules Michelet, he accompanied Michelet as secretary in his travels through France, supplying for him at the École Normale in 1836, when only twenty-four. Ill-health forced him to resign, and poverty caused him to undertake an extensive series of school textbooks which made him well known.
He devoted himself to secondary school education, holding his chair in the College Henri IV at Paris for over a quarter of a century. Already known as a historian by his ''Histoire des Romains et des peuples soumis à leur domination'' (7 vols, 1843–1844), he was chosen by Napoleon III to assist him in his biography of Julius Caesar, and his abilities being thus brought under the emperor's notice, he was in 1863 appointed minister of education. In this position he worked incessantly, attempting broad and liberal reforms which aroused the bitter hostility of the clerical party. Ironically, despite open domestic opposition to his views in education, in 1868, he was instrumental in the reformation of Galatasaray High School in strict concordance with his secular views, as the first Western-style state higher education institution in Ottoman Empire.
Among his measures were the reorganization of higher education (''enseignement spécial''), the foundation of the ''conférences publiques'', which became universal throughout France, and of a course of secondary education for girls by lay teachers. He introduced modern history and modern languages into the curriculum both of the ''lycées'' and of the colleges. He greatly improved the state of primary education in France, and proposed to make it compulsory and free of charge, but failed to obtain the emperor's support for this move. In the new cabinet that followed the elections of 1869, Duruy was replaced by Louis Olivier Bourbeau, and was made a senator. After the fall of the Empire he took no part in politics, except for an unsuccessful candidacy for the senate in 1876. From 1881 to 1886 he served as a member of the ''Conseil Supérieur de l'Instruction Publique''. In 1884 he was elected to the ''Académie française'' in succession to François Mignet.
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